Earth’s magnetic field. Compass and magnetic poles

The Earth’s magnetic field is a fundamental feature of our planet that plays a crucial role in protecting life and guiding navigation. This magnetic field, also known as the magnetosphere, is generated by the Earth’s outer core, composed mostly of liquid iron and nickel.

The main mechanism for the generation of the magnetic field is believed to be the convection of molten material in the Earth’s outer core. The difference in rotation between the solid inner core and the liquid outer core, together with heat transfer within the core, creates electric currents that in turn cause the magnetic field.

The Earth’s magnetic field has a complex structure, although it resembles a magnetic dipole, i.e., it has a magnetic north pole and a magnetic south pole. However, the axis of the magnetic dipole does not coincide exactly with the Earth’s axis of rotation, resulting in an inclination of the magnetic field relative to the equatorial plane. This means that the magnetic compass does not point exactly to geographic north, but is deflected depending on location.

The Earth’s magnetosphere extends from the core to outer space, protecting our planet from the charged particles of the solar wind. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, are emitted by the Sun and are electrically charged. When they interact with the Earth’s magnetic field, they are deflected and channeled around the Earth in the form of Van Allen radiation currents, creating a kind of protective shield. The particles, when deflected towards the polar regions, produce the northern and southern auroras, creating an impressive natural spectacle.

In addition to its protective function, the Earth’s magnetic field has a significant impact on navigation. Magnetic compasses use the magnetic field for orientation, which has been fundamental to maritime navigation throughout history.