Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors

Atoms. Structure and models of the atom

The online atom simulations on this page allow us to visualize what the structure of an atom is like, what an isotope is and some of the models of the atom that have had the most historical importance.

What is an atom

An atom is the fundamental unit of matter. It is composed of a central nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons have no electric charge.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which in turn defines the chemical element to which it belongs. For example, hydrogen has one proton, while oxygen has eight. Electrons are distributed in different energy levels called electron shells.

Molecules

Atoms can combine with each other to form molecules through chemical bonds. This occurs when the electrons of the atoms interact, sharing or transferring electrons with each other. Different combinations of elements and their bonds give rise to a wide variety of chemical substances and compounds.

Structure and Models of the Atom

Our understanding of atomic structure has evolved over time, from early philosophical ideas to modern scientific models based on quantum mechanics.

Early ideas and Dalton’s model

In Ancient Greece, philosophers like Democritus proposed that matter was made up of indivisible particles called atoms. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed the first scientific model, describing the atom as a solid, indivisible sphere.

Thomson’s model

In 1897, J. J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model, in which electrons were embedded in a positively charged mass.

Rutherford’s nuclear model

In 1911, after his gold foil experiment, Ernest Rutherford concluded that the atom has a small, dense nucleus with a positive charge, surrounded by moving electrons.

Bohr’s model

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed that electrons move in circular orbits with defined energy levels. This model explained the hydrogen atom well but failed for more complex atoms.

Modern quantum mechanical model

The development of quantum mechanics led to the current model of the atom. In this model, electrons do not follow fixed orbits but are located in atomic orbitals, regions where there is a higher probability of finding them. These orbitals are organized into energy levels and sublevels, determining each element’s chemical and physical properties.

Electron configuration

Electron configuration describes how an atom’s electrons are distributed among its orbitals. The filling order follows the Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle, ensuring electrons occupy the lowest-energy levels first. Electron configuration is key to understanding an element’s chemical reactivity and its position in the periodic table.

The importance of understanding atoms

The understanding of the atom has led to the development of various technological applications. For example, nuclear energy is based on the fission or fusion of atomic nuclei to generate electricity. In addition, advances in semiconductor technology have enabled the creation of ever smaller and more powerful electronic devices, such as computers and smartphones.

Scientific research continues to explore the secrets of the atom. Particle accelerators and particle physics experiments seek to unravel the fundamental nature of matter and the universe. Understanding the atom is fundamental to our understanding of the world around us and to the development of new technologies that will improve our quality of life.

Atom simulations

Build an atom


Build an atom with protons, neutrons and electrons, and see how the element, charge and mass change, then play to test your ideas!


Licencia de Creative Commons

Build a nucleus


Build a nucleus with protons and neutrons. See how different disintegrations change the nucleus. Study isotopes and much more!


Licencia de Creative Commons

Estructura de un átomo


What does an atom look like? Atomic models are representative “pictures” that help us understand what an atom looks like. Historically, there have been many atomic models.






Electrons configuration


The electrons configuration of an atom refers to the arrangement of the atom’s electrons. The electrons fill the lowest energy levels first.






Bohr’s atomic model


In Bohr’s atomic model the electrons are placed in stable circular orbits around the nucleus. The atom has only certain energy levels. Electrons change energy levels by emitting or absorbing photons.






Atomic interactions


Explore the interactions between various combinations of two atoms. Observe the total force acting on the atoms or the attractive or repulsive force separately. Customize the attraction to see how the interaction is affected by changing the atomic diameter and interaction strength.


Licencia de Creative Commons

Isotopes and atomic mass


Are all atoms of an element the same? How can you tell one isotope from another? Use the simulator to learn about isotopes and how abundance relates to the average atomic mass of an element.


Licencia de Creative Commons

STEM education equipment

Chemistry courses

You may also be interested

Cargando clima y ubicación...

You may also be interested