Atoms. Structure, Bohr model and isotopes

An atom is the fundamental unit of matter. It is composed of a central nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons have no electric charge.

The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which in turn defines the chemical element to which it belongs. For example, hydrogen has one proton, while oxygen has eight. Electrons are distributed in different energy levels called electron shells.

Atoms can combine with each other to form molecules through chemical bonds. This occurs when the electrons of the atoms interact, sharing or transferring electrons with each other. Different combinations of elements and their bonds give rise to a wide variety of chemical substances and compounds.

The structure of an atom is based on the model of quantum mechanics, which describes the behavior of subatomic particles. According to this model, electrons do not move in defined orbits, but are found in regions of increased probability of encountering them, known as orbitals.

The understanding of the atom has led to the development of various technological applications. For example, nuclear energy is based on the fission or fusion of atomic nuclei to generate electricity. In addition, advances in semiconductor technology have enabled the creation of ever smaller and more powerful electronic devices, such as computers and smartphones.

Scientific research continues to explore the secrets of the atom. Particle accelerators and particle physics experiments seek to unravel the fundamental nature of matter and the universe. Understanding the atom is fundamental to our understanding of the world around us and to the development of new technologies that will improve our quality of life.