Light reflection. Laws of reflection

Geometrical optics

Geometrical optics is the part of optics that deals, based on geometrical representations, with the changes of direction that light rays undergo in the various phenomena of reflection and refraction.

Geometrical optics is based on the following assumptions:

– Light propagates rectilinearly

– Light rays are reversible. The path followed by a ray is independent of whether it is in one direction or in the opposite direction.

– The laws of reflection and refraction are fulfilled.

With these simple fundamentals we can determine the passage of light through the various optical instruments, such as the magnifying glass, microscope, optical telescope, etc., and the shape, size and position of the images obtained through them.

The fundamental concepts of geometrical optics are:

Incident ray. Light ray arriving at the separating surface of the two media.

Normal line. Normal line perpendicular to the separation surface at the point of incidence.

Angle of incidence. Angle formed between the incident ray and the normal.

Reflected ray. A ray that is bounced off the separating surface of the two media.

Angle of reflection. Angle formed between the reflected ray and the normal.

Refracted ray. A ray that passes through the separating surface and propagates through the second medium.

Angle of refraction. Angle formed between the refracted ray and the normal.

Laws of light reflection

The reflection of light is governed by the laws of reflection. These laws are fundamental to understanding how light behaves when reflected from surfaces.

First Law of Reflection

The incident ray, the normal to the surface of incidence and the reflected ray are in the same plane.

Second Law of Reflection

The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. This means that the reflected light follows a symmetrical path with respect to the normal.

Here you can study the laws of reflection in detail and see how changing the angle of incidence also changes the angle of reflection and both are always equal.

Smooth surfaces and rough surfaces

The laws of reflection apply to all reflective surfaces, whether they are horizontal, vertical or even curved. As long as we can trace the normal at the point of incidence, the light will follow these predictable rules.

If the surface of the second medium is smooth, the normals to the various points on the surface are all parallel. This allows the formation of images and is the fundamental principle of how mirrors work. See here how a mirror image is formed.

On the other hand, if the surface of the second medium is rough, the normals to the various points on the surface have random directions. In that case, rays that are in the same plane when leaving a point source of light will have a random plane of incidence, and therefore of reflection. This causes them to scatter and they cannot form an image.

Applications of reflection of light. Mirrors and fiber optics.

The reflection of light is a fundamental process in physics and optics that has numerous applications.

The operation of mirrors is based on the principle of light reflection. There are many applications and devices derived from the use of mirrors: telescopes, reflectors, lighthouses, etc., etc. Here is a simple example of image formation by reflection in a mirror.

Fiber optics is a new practical application of light reflection. When light enters one end of a solid glass or plastic tube, it can be seen to be totally reflected on the outer surface of the tube and, after a series of successive total reflections, exit at the other end. See how it works here. It is possible to fabricate glass fibers of very small diameter, coat them with a material of lower refractive index and bundle them into flexible bundles or rigid plates that are used to transmit images. Flexible beams, which can be used for illumination as well as image transmission, are very useful for medical scanning as they can be inserted into narrow cavities and even blood vessels.