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Waves. Wave physics, characteristics and properties

The online wave simulations on this page are a practical way to introduce you to wave physics. We will discover the characteristics and properties of waves, their most important types, and why wave physics is so important.

What are waves

Waves are disturbances that propagate through a medium or, in some cases, even in a vacuum, transporting energy without any net displacement of matter. In wave physics, we study both mechanical waves, which need a material medium to propagate, and electromagnetic waves, which can travel through a vacuum. Understanding what waves are and how they behave is essential for explaining everyday phenomena such as sound, light, and ocean waves, as well as for developing technologies in communication, medicine, and energy.

Characteristics of waves

Waves are described by a series of fundamental properties that allow them to be analyzed and compared. Among the most important are amplitude, which indicates the intensity of the wave; frequency, which determines how many complete cycles occur per second; wavelength, which is the distance between two consecutive equivalent points; and propagation speed, which indicates how fast the disturbance moves through the medium. In addition, waves have crests and troughs that represent the maximum and minimum points of displacement, facilitating their study in both mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

Properties of waves

Waves have various properties that determine how they interact with their environment and with each other. Among the most relevant are reflection, which occurs when a wave bounces off an obstacle; refraction, which is the change of direction when passing from one medium to another; diffraction, which allows waves to deviate when surrounding obstacles; and interference, which occurs when two or more waves overlap, generating reinforcement or cancellation patterns. These properties are essential for understanding everyday phenomena and for the development of technologies in acoustics, optics, and telecommunications.

Types of waves

In wave physics, waves are classified according to their mode of propagation and the medium in which they travel.

Mechanical waves

Mechanical waves require a material medium to propagate, such as sound in air or ocean waves. They are subdivided into:

Transverse: the vibration of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Longitudinal: the vibration occurs in the same direction as the wave’s movement.

Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium and can propagate in a vacuum. They include visible light, radio waves, and X-rays.

Importance of wave physics

Wave physics plays a fundamental role in many fields of science, technology, and everyday life. Thanks to its study, we understand natural phenomena such as sound, light, ocean waves, and earthquakes, and we develop technological applications such as telecommunications, medical imaging, acoustics, optics, and energy. Understanding waves and their properties allows us to design more efficient devices, improve information transmission, and explain complex phenomena in the universe, from radio waves to X-rays and visible light.

Wave simulations

Introduction. Water, sound and light


Make waves with a dripping faucet, an audio speaker or a laser! Adjust the frequency and amplitude, and observe the effects. Listen to the sound produced by the speaker and find out what determines the color of the light.


Licencia de Creative Commons

Waves in water


If a stone is thrown into a still pool of water, concentric waves are created and spread out around it. If the waves are generated next to a floating object, it can be observed that the object does not move and will only vibrate up and down. This is because, although the wave is displaced, the medium (water in this case) only vibrates vertically.






Sound waves


With this sound wave simulation we can explain how different sounds are modeled, described and produced. Design different sound wave models and determine the speed, frequency, period and wavelength.


Licencia de Creative Commons

Wave propagation


A wave transmits energy through a medium. The medium only vibrates, but does not move. Moreover, there are waves, such as electromagnetic waves, that do not need a medium.






Wavelength


Introduction. Water, sound and light


Make waves with a dripping faucet, an audio speaker or a laser! Adjust the frequency and amplitude, and observe the effects. Listen to the sound produced by the speaker and find out what determines the color of the light.

File

Click here to start the simulation
Licencia de Creative Commons

Plane and circular waves I


Plane waves and circular waves can be generated in a wave trough, depending on the type of generator used. Similar to light rays, plane waves do not diverge.

Plane and circular waves II


This simulation represents more realistically plane and circular waves in a wave trough. It explains why the waves are visible on a screen through a back projection system.

Waves in water


If a stone is thrown into a still pool of water, concentric waves are created and spread out around it. If the waves are generated next to a floating object, it can be observed that the object does not move and will only vibrate up and down. This is because, although the wave is displaced, the medium (water in this case) only vibrates vertically.
Click here to start the simulation

Sound waves


With this sound wave simulation we can explain how different sounds are modeled, described and produced. Design different sound wave models and determine the speed, frequency, period and wavelength.

Ficha

Click here to start the simulation
Licencia de Creative Commons

Wave propagation


A wave transmits energy through a medium. The medium only vibrates, but does not move. Moreover, there are waves, such as electromagnetic waves, that do not need a medium.
Click here to start the simulation

Wavelength


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