Pendulum. Types and operation

Types of pendulums

There are different types of pendulums depending on their construction and application. The most common are the simple pendulum, the physical pendulum, and the torsion pendulum.

Simple pendulum

It consists of a point mass (called a bob) suspended from a light string or rod. It is the most commonly used model for studying simple harmonic motion in physics.

Physical pendulum

It consists of a rigid body that oscillates around a suspension point. It is used to calculate moments of inertia and study systems that are more complex than the simple pendulum.

Torsion pendulum

Instead of oscillating due to gravity, it rotates around its axis due to the torsion of a wire. It is commonly used in precision clocks and laboratory experiments.

Parts of a pendulum

A pendulum, regardless of its type, is composed of several key elements that determine its operation:

Mass (bob)

This is the weight that hangs from the pendulum. Its shape and density can influence air resistance, but do not affect the period if the movement is ideal.

String or rod

This is the element that holds the mass and defines the length of the pendulum. It can be flexible (string) or rigid (metal or wooden rod).

Suspension point

This is where the string or rod is attached. It acts as a pivot point and determines the stability of the movement.

Movement of a pendulum. Force, energy, and period

A pendulum moves thanks to the force of gravity, which acts as a restoring force. When the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position and released, gravity pulls it downwards, converting potential energy into kinetic energy in a repeating cycle. At the highest point, the pendulum has maximum potential energy and zero velocity; as it passes through the lowest point, it has maximum kinetic energy and maximum velocity; the movement continues to alternate between these two forms of energy.

Forces in a pendulum

In a pendulum, the movement is governed mainly by two forces:

Gravity, which always acts towards the center of the Earth and is responsible for returning the pendulum to its equilibrium position.

The tension in the string or rod, which keeps the mass in its circular path and compensates for part of the weight.

In each oscillation, these forces interact to accelerate or slow down the mass depending on its position.

Energy in the pendulum

In an ideal pendulum (without friction), total mechanical energy is conserved, transforming between:

Gravitational potential energy, which is maximum when the mass is at its highest point.

Kinetic energy, which is greatest at the equilibrium position, where the velocity is highest.

In the real world, air resistance and internal friction dissipate some of this energy, reducing the amplitude over time.

Period of a pendulum

The period is the time it takes for the pendulum to complete one full swing. For a simple pendulum, with small swings and under ideal conditions (no friction or air resistance), the period T is calculated using the following formula:

T = 2π √(L/g)

Where:

L is the length of the string or rod

g is the acceleration due to gravity

Applications of pendulums

Pendulums are used in timekeeping, such as in pendulum clocks, and in physics experiments to determine gravity or study simple harmonic motion. They also appear in modern applications, such as sensors and navigation devices, and have captured the popular imagination as symbols of precision and stability. Throughout history, their study has led to important advances in mechanics and experimental physics.